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by Mike Vestil 

What is Mezzanine Financing and How Can it Benefit You?

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In this article, readers will learn about mezzanine financing, a hybrid form of finance that combines debt and equity features. This comprehensive guide covers the different types of mezzanine financing, its advantages and disadvantages, and its role in mergers and acquisitions.

The article also provides information on mezzanine financing providers and how to assess if it’s right for your business. Additionally, it offers insights on negotiating and closing a mezzanine financing deal.

Understanding Mezzanine Financing

Definition and Overview

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of financing that combines aspects of both debt and equity financing. It is a form of capital that is positioned between senior debt and equity in a company’s capital structure, and is mainly utilized by businesses to finance expansion, acquisitions, and other significant transactions. Mezzanine financing often involves a mix of debt instruments and equity components, allowing the lender to potentially convert their interest in the company into an ownership or equity stake.

This type of financing is particularly attractive to growing companies that have a proven track record but may not have access to traditional lending sources like banks or public markets. One of the key benefits of mezzanine financing is its flexibility, as it allows borrowers to negotiate various aspects of the financing, including interest rates, repayment terms, and conversion options.

Companies with a strong financial performance, stable cash flow, and substantial growth potential are most likely to be approved for mezzanine financing. However, given the riskier nature of this financing vehicle, interest rates are generally higher compared to traditional debt financing. Despite the higher cost, many companies opt for mezzanine financing due to the greater freedom it offers in managing their capital structure and preserving ownership.

Components of Mezzanine Financing

As mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of financing, it usually consists of several components that provide a mix of debt and equity. These components can include:

  1. Subordinated Debt: The primary component of mezzanine financing is subordinated debt, which is a form of debt that ranks lower in priority during repayment compared to other types of debt. In the event of a company’s liquidation, subordinated debt is paid after all senior or secured creditors have been paid. This increases the risk for the mezzanine financier, as there is less collateral available.

  2. Warrants: Mezzanine lenders often receive warrants, which provide them with the option to acquire a company’s stock at a predetermined price. Warrants increase the potential returns for mezzanine investors and offer them a potential equity stake in the company.

  3. Convertible Notes: A mezzanine loan can include convertible notes, which are debt securities that can be converted into a predetermined number of shares at a predetermined price. This conversion option provides further upside for mezzanine financiers if the company performs well.

  4. Payment-In-Kind (PIK) Interest: Mezzanine loans often include PIK interest, which allows borrowers to pay interest through the issuance of additional securities, rather than cash. This can alleviate cash flow pressures for the borrowing company, as they can defer cash interest payments until the loan’s maturity.

How Mezzanine Financing Works

The process of obtaining mezzanine financing typically starts with a company identifying the need for additional capital, whether for expansion, acquisitions, or other significant transactions. After reviewing their options, the company may approach a mezzanine financier, which can include private equity firms, specialized mezzanine funds, or other types of alternative lending sources.

Before providing mezzanine financing, the lender will carefully evaluate the potential borrower’s financial performance, growth prospects, and ability to repay the loan. They will also assess the risk associated with their investment and determine the appropriate terms, interest rates, and conditions for the financing.

Once the financing terms have been agreed upon, the mezzanine lender will then provide the funds to the company, which can be used to support its growth initiatives or cover transaction costs. As previously mentioned, interest rates on mezzanine loans are generally higher than those found in traditional debt financing, compensating the lender for the higher level of risk involved.

Mezzanine financing can provide companies with the capital needed to achieve their growth objectives and enhance their competitiveness in the market. Moreover, it allows companies to maintain greater control of their business by preserving ownership, making it an appealing option for many organizations needing to expand, acquire, or fund other significant transactions.

Types of Mezzanine Financing

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of capital that combines elements of debt and equity financing. It is often used by companies that want to raise additional funds from external sources but cannot secure additional loans or issue more shares. Mezzanine financing has different structures depending on the company’s specific needs and the investor’s preferred risk profile. The following are some common types of mezzanine financing:

Subordinated Debt

Subordinated debt is a form of mezzanine financing, whereby the debt holder ranks below other senior lenders in terms of repayment priority in the event of a default or liquidation. This makes subordinated debt riskier than senior debt, resulting in higher interest rates for the borrower. Subordinated debt typically has a fixed maturity date and interest rate, and lenders often have the option to convert the debt into equity in the borrower’s company.

Convertible Debt

Convertible debt is a type of loan that can be converted into equity at a predetermined conversion rate by the lender at a later date. This option provides increased flexibility for the lender, as they can choose to convert the debt to equity if the borrower’s stock price appreciates, thereby benefiting from capital gains. Alternatively, the lender can retain the debt if the company’s performance is unsatisfactory. Convertible debt offers the potential for higher returns than traditional debt financing while still providing downside protection in the form of interest payments.

Preferred Equity

Preferred equity is another type of mezzanine financing where the investor acquires a preferred stock, which has characteristics of both debt and equity. Preferred stock typically carries preferential rights to dividends and asset distribution in the event of liquidation, ranking above common equity but below debt holders. As preferred equity does not have voting rights, it is less dilutive for existing shareholders than issuing new common shares. Additionally, preferred dividends can sometimes be deferred, providing additional flexibility for the issuing company.

Warrants and Options

Warrants and options are securities that give the holder the right to buy or sell an underlying asset at a predetermined price for a specific period of time. These can often be attached to mezzanine financing instruments as a means to increase the return potential for investors.

In mezzanine financing, companies may issue warrants or options alongside debt or preferred equity, allowing the investor to purchase additional shares at a later date if the company’s stock price appreciates. This feature can make the mezzanine instrument more attractive for potential investors.

Advantages of Mezzanine Financing

Mezzanine financing offers a range of benefits for both companies and investors, including the following:

Longer Terms and Interest-only Payments

Mezzanine financing often has longer maturities than traditional debt financing, which can be beneficial for companies seeking capital to fund growth or expansion plans. Repayment terms can be tailored to the company’s needs, with interest-only payments in some cases, preserving cash flow for other strategic initiatives.

Less Risk for Investors

Investing in mezzanine financing instruments can provide higher returns than traditional debt financing with lower risk than equity investments. The hybrid nature of mezzanine financing combines the downside protection of a debt investment, with the return potential of an equity investment. This can be attractive to investors looking for a balance between risk and reward.

Higher Leverage Ratios

Companies can achieve higher leverage ratios by incorporating mezzanine financing into their capital structure. This increased financial leverage can help companies maximize their return on equity and potentially increase the value of their existing equity.

Improved Flexibility

Mezzanine financing can be customized to provide the optimal balance of debt and equity, tailored to the company’s specific needs and goals. This allows companies to maintain an optimal capital structure while accessing additional funding for growth initiatives.

Tax Benefits

Mezzanine financing structures can offer tax advantages for the borrower, as interest payments on debt can be tax-deductible. This tax advantage can be beneficial to the borrower, as it can potentially reduce the overall cost of capital compared to issuing straight equity.

Disadvantages of Mezzanine Financing

While mezzanine financing can provide companies with the necessary capital to grow, there are several disadvantages associated with this form of funding. Some of the most notable drawbacks include higher interest rates, potential loss of control, increased financial reporting, and a complex negotiation and documentation process.

Higher Interest Rates

One of the main disadvantages of mezzanine financing is that it generally comes with higher interest rates compared to traditional debt financing options such as bank loans. Mezzanine lenders, who are often private equity firms or specialized debt financing companies, expect a high return on their investment because they’re taking on a larger risk than traditional lenders.

The higher interest rates associated with mezzanine financing are due to the fact that mezzanine capital is considered to be riskier than senior debt, which has priority in the event of a company’s bankruptcy. As a result, mezzanine investors demand higher rates to compensate for the risk they are taking by providing subordinated capital.

Additionally, mezzanine financing often includes equity components, such as warrants or conversion rights, which can further increase the cost of capital. These equity components can be advantageous to the borrower as they may provide flexibility and potential upside in the future, but they come with a higher cost than straight debt.

Potential Loss of Control

Another significant disadvantage of mezzanine financing is the potential for loss of control. Since mezzanine investments often involve equity components or options to convert debt into equity, borrowers may have to cede partial ownership of their company to the mezzanine lender. This can be particularly concerning for business owners and founders, who may have to relinquish some of their decision-making authority.

Losing control of business decisions can lead to misaligned incentives and a lack of cohesion between the company’s management and its new investors. Additionally, if mezzanine lenders have too much control, they may push for decisions that prioritize short-term gains at the expense of long-term growth and the overall health of the company.

Increased Financial Reporting

Mezzanine financing often requires increased financial reporting and disclosure, which can be burdensome for borrowers. Mezzanine lenders will typically require the borrower to provide regular financial updates, such as balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements, to ensure that the company is meeting its financial obligations and remaining creditworthy.

Increased financial reporting can be time-consuming and costly for borrowers, particularly for smaller and growing businesses that may not have well-established financial systems in place. Moreover, frequent reporting may also deter potential investors who are concerned about the company’s ability to manage its financial information and maintain profitability.

Complex Negotiation and Documentation Process

Mezzanine financing often involves a complex negotiation and documentation process that can be lengthy and costly. Borrowers must work with legal and financial advisors to navigate the terms and structure of the mezzanine investment, including the interest rate, maturity date, repayment schedule, and any equity components.

The negotiation process can be challenging for borrowers, as they must balance their need for capital with the necessity of protecting their interests and minimizing dilution. In some cases, the intricate nature of mezzanine financing agreements can lead to protracted negotiations and high legal expenses.

In conclusion, while mezzanine financing can provide growing companies with access to much-needed capital, it comes with several disadvantages. Borrowers should carefully weigh the higher interest rates, potential loss of control, increased financial reporting, and complex negotiation process against their needs before pursuing this form of financing.

Mezzanine Financing in Mergers and Acquisitions

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of capital that combines elements of both debt and equity financing. It often plays an important role in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) by enabling companies to secure additional capital without diluting ownership, raising the capital stack, and facilitating the successful completion of M&A deals. In this context, mezzanine financing can help to bridge the gap in the capital structure that junior debt and senior debt cannot cover.

Role of Mezzanine Financing in M&As

In M&A transactions, mezzanine financing serves several purposes:

  1. Bridging the financing gap: Companies may require additional capital to fund the acquisition or facilitate business integration post-acquisition. Mezzanine financing provides a way to secure the required funds while minimizing the dilution of equity ownership.

  2. Flexibility in deal structuring: Mezzanine capital often incorporates features that give it a customizable structure. This can make it an attractive financing option, particularly for middle-market companies that want to maintain control over their capital structure and negotiate favorable terms.

  3. Reducing cost of capital: Mezzanine debt typically carries a higher interest rate than senior debt but a lower cost than equity. Including mezzanine capital in the financing mix can reduce the overall cost of capital for a company and enhance its return on equity.

  4. Enhancing the attractiveness of the transaction: Mezzanine financing can make a company more appealing to potential acquirers, as it can indicate financial stability and reduce the need for a buyer to provide significant additional capital. This could result in a higher purchase price or better deal terms for the seller.

Deal Structuring with Mezzanine Financing

Mezzanine financing can be structured in various ways to meet the unique needs of a given M&A transaction. Some common structuring options include:

  1. Subordinated debt: Mezzanine capital can be provided as subordinated debt, ranking below senior debt but above equity in the capital structure. This type of mezzanine financing carries a higher interest rate than senior debt due to its lower priority in the case of default but offers a better position than equity.

  2. Convertible debt: Mezzanine financing can also take the form of convertible debt, where the principal and accrued interest can be converted into equity at a predetermined rate. This allows the mezzanine lender to potentially realize capital appreciation if the company performs well post-acquisition.

  3. Preferred equity: In some cases, mezzanine financing may be provided as preferred equity, which offers a fixed dividend and ranks above common equity in liquidation preferences. This structure can be attractive when a company wants to minimize dilution but still provide downside protection for mezzanine investors.

  4. Hybrid securities: Mezzanine financing can also incorporate a mix of debt and equity securities, offering a combination of features such as interest payments, equity participation, and liquidation preferences. This allows the mezzanine provider to tailor the financing to the specific risk/return profile of the company and transaction.

Impact on Valuations

The use of mezzanine financing can have important implications for valuation in M&A transactions:

  1. Leveraging mezzanine capital can increase the total enterprise value (TEV) of a company, as it provides additional capital that can be used to support growth and enhance cash flow generation. This can lead to higher valuations for both buyers and sellers in M&A transactions.

  2. Including mezzanine financing in the capital stack can improve a company’s credit profile and potentially lower its overall risk, which may result in a lower cost of capital and higher valuation multiples.

  3. The terms and structure of mezzanine financing can impact a company’s flexibility in managing its capital structure and pursuing strategic initiatives, which can affect both its standalone valuation and its attractiveness to potential acquirers.

Ultimately, the use of mezzanine financing in M&A transactions can have both positive and negative implications for valuations, depending on the specifics of a given deal and the overall market environment. Companies considering mezzanine financing should carefully analyze the potential impact on valuation and be prepared to negotiate terms that align the interests of all stakeholders.

Mezzanine Financing Providers

Mezzanine financing providers offer a unique form of capital to businesses in need of financial resources for reasons such as growth, acquisitions, or expansion. These financing providers specialize in offering a hybrid form of debt and equity financing, which helps bridge the gap between traditional debt financing and equity financing.

Mezzanine financing often comes in the form of subordinated debt, with attached warrants or options providing the lender a potential equity stake in the business. The following sections outline the primary types of mezzanine financing providers and their specific roles in the industry.

Mezzanine Financing Firms

Mezzanine financing firms are specialized financial institutions that focus on providing mezzanine loans to businesses. These firms are experts in identifying and funding opportunities with significant growth potential or companies undergoing a financial restructuring. They understand the unique characteristics of mezzanine loans and are experienced in structuring deals with flexible repayment terms and customized financing solutions.

Mezzanine firms bring value to companies seeking capital by reducing the complexity of the fundraising process, assisting in the evaluation of strategic growth opportunities, and providing ongoing support to the business through financial advice and management expertise.

Operating independently, these mezzanine financing providers invest their capital directly in the companies and typically hold a long-term view. This enables the company management to focus on growing the business while benefiting from the synergies created through the mezzanine financing partnership.

Private Equity Firms

Private equity firms are another popular source of mezzanine financing for businesses. These firms typically have a large pool of capital and invest in various types of businesses, from start-ups to mature companies. While private equity firms primarily invest in equity stakes of businesses, they often provide mezzanine financing as part of a broader investment strategy.

The private equity firms that participate in mezzanine financing usually have dedicated mezzanine funds or teams within their organization. These specialized funds or teams focus on identifying attractive mezzanine investment opportunities, tailor the deal structure, and oversee the ongoing performance of the investment.

Private equity firms using mezzanine financing as an investment strategy can provide a flexible capital solution that aids business owners and management teams in achieving their growth and expansion goals.

Hedge Funds

Hedge funds are alternative investment vehicles that manage a pool of capital from diverse sources, including institutional investors, high-net-worth individuals, and asset management firms. They employ unique investment strategies to generate returns for their investors. Some hedge funds have dedicated divisions or established funds specifically for the purpose of mezzanine financing.

Although hedge funds do not have a traditional focus on mezzanine financing, those that allocate a portion of their capital for these investments are well-prepared to identify opportunities and structure deals appropriately. Given their high-risk appetite and goal to maximize returns, hedge funds may look for mezzanine investments with higher yields and potential equity upside, compared to other financing providers.

Commercial Banks

Commercial banks, while not as common a mezzanine financing provider as the other entities mentioned above, can also serve as a source of mezzanine loans for businesses. Certain banks have a specialized division or team dedicated to providing mezzanine financing solutions for their clients. They target the companies that have a strong relationship with the bank and are in need of customized financing solutions that traditional loans cannot provide.

The advantage of securing mezzanine financing from a commercial bank is the potential for a streamlined process due to the existing relationship between the bank and the company seeking financing. However, commercial banks could have more stringent lending guidelines and might have limited capacity when it comes to providing mezzanine financing compared to other mezzanine financing providers that specifically focus on this type of lending.

In summary, mezzanine financing providers come in various forms, each with its unique approach to identifying opportunities and structuring deals. Businesses seeking mezzanine financing can explore each of these providers to determine the best fit for their specific situation and objectives.

Assessing if Mezzanine Financing is Right for Your Business

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of debt and equity financing used by companies to raise capital for business expansion, mergers and acquisitions, management buyouts, or other growth initiatives. This type of financing is positioned between senior debt and common equity, giving lenders a higher priority than equity holders during repayment in case of default but a lower priority than senior debt providers. To assess if mezzanine financing is suitable for your business, consider the following factors:

Company Size and Growth Potential

Mezzanine financing tends to be more suitable for medium to large companies that are stable and growing. Typically, companies with revenues in the range of $10 million to $100 million or EBITDA of at least $3 million are considered appropriate candidates for mezzanine financing. However, there are no strict revenue or EBITDA requirements, and smaller companies showing significant growth potential and requiring growth capital may also qualify for mezzanine financing.

With mezzanine financing, lenders look for companies that have a track record of profitability or show robust growth potential. This is because the high leverage and risk associated with these financings are offset by the company’s ability to generate steady cash flows or scale their operations quickly. If your business demonstrates high growth potential and/or a stable history of profitability, mezzanine financing may be a suitable option for you.

Credit Worthiness

Companies considering mezzanine financing should have a good credit history and a strong relationship with their bank. Lenders will evaluate your business’s financial health, credit score, and previous borrowing history before extending credit. A strong credit standing not only indicates that your business has a lower risk of defaulting on its obligations, but also enables favorable borrowing rates and terms.

In addition, companies with robust internal controls, well-established financial reporting practices, and sound debt management strategies are viewed as more attractive by lenders. If your business lacks a strong credit profile, you may need to work on improving these aspects before seeking mezzanine financing.

Exit Strategy and Timeline

Mezzanine financing is a medium-term funding solution, with a typical investment horizon of 3 to 7 years. As such, it is important to have a clear exit strategy in place before pursuing this financing option. Possible exit strategies include selling the business, refinancing to a lower-cost form of debt, or executing a management buyout.

Companies should carefully evaluate their growth objectives and financial projections to determine the best timing for a potential exit. Lenders may prefer businesses with a strong track record of growth, an attractive pipeline of new business opportunities, and a feasible plan for achieving the targeted exit.

Company Valuation

Your business’s valuation plays an important role in determining if mezzanine financing is right for you. Higher valuations imply lower risk for mezzanine lenders, as they calculate the amount they are willing to lend based on the company’s value. Companies with high valuations can usually secure larger mezzanine loans under favorable terms.

A higher valuation also offers an opportunity for the company to raise capital by selling equity without giving away too much ownership. Companies considering mezzanine financing should work with financial advisors or investment bankers to establish an accurate and realistic valuation.

Management Team and Experience

Lenders consider a company’s management team to be a critical factor in the success or failure of their investment. A strong and experienced management team, with a solid track record of executing business strategies and delivering growth, is more likely to secure mezzanine financing under favorable terms.

Evaluate your management team’s past performance, industry expertise, and market knowledge to gauge its ability to drive growth and repay mezzanine financing. Companies with weak or inexperienced management teams may need to strengthen their leadership before seeking mezzanine financing.

In summary, determining if mezzanine financing is right for your business requires assessing factors such as company size, growth potential, creditworthiness, exit strategy, valuation, and management experience. Work with financial advisors or professionals specializing in mezzanine financing to identify if this funding option aligns with your company’s needs and growth plans.

Negotiating and Closing a Mezzanine Financing Deal

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of debt and equity financing that is used by companies seeking to raise capital for growth, acquisitions, and other purposes. It typically involves a combination of loans and equity components, with the lender having the right to convert their loan into an ownership stake in the company if loan repayments are not made on time.

In this article, we will discuss the process of negotiating and closing a mezzanine financing deal, including understanding the lender’s perspective, structuring and negotiating key terms, documentation and due diligence, and final steps and closing the deal.

Understanding the Lender’s Perspective

In order to effectively negotiate and close a mezzanine financing deal, it is important to first understand the perspective of the mezzanine lender. Mezzanine lenders typically have a higher appetite for risk than traditional bank lenders, as they are willing to lend based on the growth potential and enterprise value of the company, rather than solely on collateral.

Some factors that may influence a mezzanine lender’s decision to invest in a company include the company’s historical financial performance, growth potential, management team, and industry trends. Lenders will also be interested in the company’s ability to generate cash flow to service the debt obligations, as well as the potential for a successful exit, either through an initial public offering (IPO) or a strategic sale.

By understanding the lender’s perspective, a company can better position itself for a successful mezzanine financing deal, focusing on its strengths and addressing potential concerns of the lender during the negotiation process.

Structuring and Negotiating Key Terms

There are several key terms that are typically negotiated in a mezzanine financing deal. While each situation is unique, some terms that should be considered and negotiated include:

  1. Interest Rate: As mezzanine debt is riskier than traditional senior debt, it typically carries a higher interest rate. It’s essential to negotiate a reasonable rate that allows for servicing the debt while still allowing room for company growth.

  2. Equity Component: Mezzanine lenders may require an equity component, such as warrants or a direct equity investment, in exchange for their investment. This provides them with potential upside appreciation in the company’s value. The specific terms of this equity component should be negotiated to ensure a balance between the company’s need for capital and the potential dilution of existing shareholders.

  3. Covenants: Covenants are contractual agreements that impose certain operating and financial restrictions on the company. These should be negotiated to be flexible enough to allow for the necessary growth initiatives, while also providing the lender with protection against undue risk.

  4. Prepayment Penalties: It may be advantageous for a company to prepay its mezzanine debt before maturity to reduce interest costs. However, prepayment penalties or call protection provisions may be included in the deal terms. Consider negotiating these penalties to ensure they are palatable.

Documentation and Due Diligence Process

Once the key terms have been negotiated, the lender and company will enter the documentation and due diligence phase. The lender will typically conduct a thorough review of the company’s financials, management team, and other relevant information during their due diligence process to ensure the accuracy of the company’s representations and the validity of their investment decision.

The documentation stage involves drafting, reviewing, and negotiating the various legal documents that will formally memorialize the mezzanine financing deal, including term sheets, loan agreements, security agreements, and any necessary equity agreements.

Throughout this process, it is essential to maintain open lines of communication with the lender, address their concerns or requests promptly, and maintain a cooperative spirit to ensure a smooth and efficient process.

Final Steps and Closing the Deal

After the documentations and due diligence process, the lender and company will coordinate the signing and closing of the mezzanine financing deal. This may involve finalizing any necessary shareholder approvals, obtaining any required consents from existing lenders, and funding the loan.

Once these final steps have been completed, the mezzanine financing transaction will be closed, providing the company with the needed capital to pursue its growth initiatives while also inching towards a successful partnership with their new lender.

Mezzanine Financing — FAQ

What is Mezzanine Financing and how does it work?

Mezzanine Financing is a hybrid financial instrument, combining both debt and equity features. This form of funding offers flexible repayment terms for borrowers and provides higher returns for lenders. It is typically used in growth situations, acquisitions, or buyouts (Seitzinger, 2021).

What are the advantages of Mezzanine Financing for businesses?

Companies gain multiple benefits from Mezzanine Financing: less dilution of ownership, minimal collateral requirements, tax-deductible interest payments, and flexible repayment structures (Linnea, 2018). These features make it an ideal financing choice for swiftly growing firms.

Who are the ideal candidates for Mezzanine Financing?

Businesses with a solid track record of cash flow, proven ability to grow, and plans for expansion or acquisitions are strong candidates for Mezzanine Financing (White Yard Advisory, 2020). This type of funding suits established firms with a lower risk profile.

How does Mezzanine Financing compare to traditional bank loans or venture capital?

Unlike traditional bank loans, Mezzanine Financing does not require collateral and offers more flexible repayment terms. Compared to venture capital, this financing avoids significant equity dilution and offers quicker access to funds (Seitzinger, 2021).

What are the risks associated with Mezzanine Financing?

Risks include higher interest rates compared to secured loans, prepayment penalties, and possible covenants restricting a company’s financial decisions. If a borrower is unable to repay, the lender may have the right to convert their interest into equity ownership (Linnea, 2018).

How can a company secure Mezzanine Financing?

To secure Mezzanine Financing, a company should produce a thorough business plan, showcasing financial projections and a clear path to growth (White Yard Advisory, 2020). Additionally, working with experienced legal and financial advisors can help navigate the complex negotiation process.

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About the author 

Mike Vestil

Mike Vestil is an author, investor, and speaker known for building a business from zero to $1.5 million in 12 months while traveling the world.

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